%0 Journal Article
%4 sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/04.17.17.51
%2 sid.inpe.br/mtc-m21b/2017/04.17.17.51.36
%@doi 10.1038/srep43890
%@issn 2045-2322
%T Citizen science shows systematic changes in the temperature difference between air and inland waters with global warming
%D 2017
%9 journal article
%A Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A.,
%A Mackay, Murray,
%A Stockwell, Jason D.,
%A Thiery, Wim,
%A Grossart, Hans-Peter,
%A Augusto-Silva, Pétala Bianchi,
%A Baulch, Helen M.,
%A Eyto, Elvira de,
%A Hejzlar, Josef,
%A Kangur, Külli,
%A Kirillin, Georgiy,
%A Pierson, Don C.,
%A Rusak, James A.,
%A Sadro, Steven,
%A Woolway, R. Iestyn,
%@affiliation Uppsala University
%@affiliation Environment and Climate Change Canada
%@affiliation University of Vermont
%@affiliation Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science
%@affiliation Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
%@affiliation Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)
%@affiliation University of Saskatchewan
%@affiliation Innovation Boulevard
%@affiliation Institute of Hydrobiology
%@affiliation Estonian University of Life Sciences
%@affiliation Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
%@affiliation Uppsala University
%@affiliation Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
%@affiliation University of California
%@affiliation University of Reading
%@electronicmailaddress
%@electronicmailaddress
%@electronicmailaddress
%@electronicmailaddress
%@electronicmailaddress
%@electronicmailaddress petala.silva@inpe.br
%B Scientific Reports
%V 7
%N 43890
%X Citizen science projects have a long history in ecological studies. The research usefulness of such projects is dependent on applying simple and standardized methods. Here, we conducted a citizen science project that involved more than 3500 Swedish high school students to examine the temperature difference between surface water and the overlying air (T-w-T-a) as a proxy for sensible heat flux (Q(H)). If Q(H) is directed upward, corresponding to positive T-w-T-a, it can enhance CO2 and CH4 emissions from inland waters, thereby contributing to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The students found mostly negative T-w-T-a across small ponds, lakes, streams/rivers and the sea shore (i.e. downward Q(H)), with T-w-T-a becoming increasingly negative with increasing T-a. Further examination of T-w-T-a using high-frequency temperature data from inland waters across the globe confirmed that T-w-T-a is linearly related to T-a. Using the longest available high-frequency temperature time series from Lake Erken, Sweden, we found a rapid increase in the occasions of negative T-w-T-a with increasing annual mean T-a since 1989. From these results, we can expect that ongoing and projected global warming will result in increasingly negative T-w-T-a, thereby reducing CO2 and CH4 transfer velocities from inland waters into the atmosphere.
%@language en